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South Sudan's ungoverned spaces and continued conflict pose an ongoing and growing risk to the security of the region. The fighting declined in 2015, but never ended Finding peaceful resolution to the conflict in South Sudan ! It is fueled by the North's bitterness about the secession of the South, the loss of territory and oil revenue, and the diminished position to which it finds itself relegated as a result. At the same time, the interaction between national and local conflict dynamics was seen to be crucial. Many tribes fall under these ethnic groups. 2012_Final.pdf. South Sudan is home to more than 60 ethnic groups, with the Dinka and the Nuer constituting the largest numbers. lic, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, the u- S dan, Uganda and Zimbabwe. The conflict has damaged the country's economy, contributing to soaring inflation. Conflict in South Sudan and the Challenges Ahead Congressional Research Service Summary South Sudan, which separated from Sudan in 2011 after almost 40 years of civil war, was drawn into a devastating new conflict in late 2013, when a political dispute that overlapped with preexisting ethnic and political fault lines turned violent. 177-224. That ethnic conflict is now a pervasive and salient dimension of political and social conflict in several countries in the world seems obvious enough. As many as 6.3 million people are severely food insecure. THE REPUBLIC OF SOUTH SUDAN . What cattle conflicts say about identity in South Sudan Three decades of ethnic conflict, which took the lives of 100,000 people, ended brutally with the The oil discovered in the south helped Sudan to solved economic . in south sudan, intercommunal in ethnic cleavages, disharmony and inequalities. Most of these groups are further divided into clans and sub-clans. The African country of Rwanda has a long history of ethnic conflict. conflict could potentially result in a failed state, an outcome that could destabilize the whole re-gion. There are many causes for the conflict in South Sudan, ranging from ethnic tensions, management of oil resources and the power struggle between President Salva Kiir and opposition leader Dr. Riek Machar. However, the key protagonists in South Sudan's crisis also make use of a distinctly anti-tribalist rhetoric and warnings of ethnic conflict in order to justify their political agendas as well as the use of force. During most of the colonial period (1899-1956), Sudan was ruled as two Sudans. The Murle, Toposa, Mundari and the Bari are part of Nilo-hamites ethnic group. Ethnic framings. The major causes of ethnic conflicts in Africa are competition over resources, struggle for power especially when government policies and institutions which mainly distribute the resources, are based on ethnicity. The Rwandan Genocide, as it came to be known, was one of the bloodiest ethnic conflicts in history. Little . The Abyei arbitration and the rule of law. The first civil war in the south of Sudan began 1 There have been presumptions that ethnic squabbles within South Sudan will increase over the allocation of state resources and services, which could . In the post-colonialism world, these conflicts continue still today. Between December 27 and January 12, 2014, a Human Rights Watch research team in South Sudan interviewed more than 200 victims and witnesses to abuses in Juba and Bor. The Arab dominated government in Sudan introduced federalism as a solution to conflict in southern Sudan. The most conspicuous of these erupted in 2013 following the dismissal of the then Vice President, Riek Machar by President Salva Kiir citing a plan to oust him. She later gained her independence in 1956 after a long rule by Anglo-Egyptian regimes. gotiations to end recent conflict between South Sudan and the Republic of Sudan. In September 2018, a Revitalized agreement on the resolution of conflict in South Sudan (R-ARCSS) was signed to give peace yet another chance. Sudan. identified first as South Sudanese, over their ethnic group or clan. neighboring states. This paper focuses on John Burton's theory to explain ethnic conflict in Nigeria and South Africa, because it provided cogent reasons for the conflicts in the case studies. •First Sudanese Civil War between North and South over many issues including disagreements over the style of government, Southern underdevelopment, and lack of government representation •Tensions between North and South, and among Southern factions •The war ends with the signing of a peace agreement in Addis Ababa & a power-sharing framework A separate conflict that remained unresolved centred on the Darfur region in western Sudan. The study consists of three core parts. While this ethnic diversity speaks to the country's rich. Traditionally, cattle raids are a livelihood-sustaining practice, which allows the restocking of . This article summarizes how the crisis has evolved and which latent factors have contributed to it. Ethnic divisions endure and social norms and values have been eroded. South Sudan plunged into conflict in 2013 after President Salva Kiir accused his deputy Riek Machar of an attempted coup d'etat. but ethnic targeting and communal mobilization brought about a quick escalation to appalling levels of brutality against civilians. Sudan's population (before the official secession of South Sudan) was Muslim, with up to 90 percent living in the North. Cattle raiding, a longstanding practice among pastoralists in South Sudan, was historically governed by cultural authorities and ritual prohibitions. People have . Students will understand the various economic, political, and societal factors that have led to wars in the region. South Sudan's conflict impacts the stability of neighboring countries by altering service provision and dynamics between groups in bordering regions . Before attaining independence in 2011, it was experienced what historians and scholars described as "the longest civil war in Africa continent" that has claimed 2.5 million lives from both the two Sudans (South and North) at the time. The attempted extermination of the . Sudan Ethnic conflict The Second Sudanese Civil War was a conflict from 1983 to 2005 between the central Sudanese government and the Sudan People's Liberation Army. violent conflict with the north than by its practical abilities as a nation-state. In these two countries, ethno-communal rivalries have primarily manifested in three different types of violent conflicts: communal conflicts, rebel-rebel fighting, and civil wars. Livestock are the main source of income and food in South Sudan with over An 1897 lithograph depicting the Mahdist War (1881-1899). The religious presence was mixed with two large majorities, Animist and Christian and a minority 7-8% of Muslims -The gradual . Findings include: 1 In October 2015, South Sudan's President Salva Kiir decreed that the country's ten states would be sub-divided into 28 states, a measure that was subsequently approved by parliament. S outh Sudan has been engulfed in protracted intra-state conflicts. Based on this analysis, it then discusses the humanitarian and economic implications of the conflict, as well as its impact on South Sudan . Why peace fails: The case of South Sudan's Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in South Sudan. Facilitate local peace agreements as an d when appropriate between the TGoNU, armed groups and armed youth, local communities and cattle keepers. Interviewees emphasised the dysfunction that exists at a local level, thereby forming the context in which ethnic divisions were exploited. Since its independence in 2011, South Sudan is battling a new civil war. The parties signed several ceasefire agreements, culminating in the 2015 peace agreement. 197), which also engenders ethnic security dilemmas. A ceasefire generally held from August As a political The Arab dominated government in Sudan introduced federalism as a solution to conflict in southern Sudan. The conflict in December 2013 reopened deeply-rooted political and ethnic tensions that hadn't yet been completely. File Type PDF Ethnic Conflict Kenya's Marsabit county is one of the country's popular tourist attractions, but unrest generated by . The South Sudanese Civil War was a multi-sided civil war in South Sudan between forces of the government and opposition forces. causes that created the grounds for potential conflict and the immediate causes.16 The South Sudan civil war is traceable back to 1955 when Sudan was trapped in a bloody civil conflict. Since South Sudan gained independence on 9 July 2011, the country has witnessed localised inter-ethnic conflicts, most notably arising from disputes rooted in grazing land, cattle raiding and. The conflict began in 2003 when rebels launched an insurrection to protest what they contended was the Sudanese government's disregard for the western region and its non-Arab population. The future of the young country remains cloudy. when South Sudan was part of the independent Sudan. South Sudan's civil war is the result of a weakly institutionalized state and may require the African Union's intervention to find peace and stability, says expert Alex de Waal. Post-conflict disarmament could thus be a source of an ethnic security dilemma. South Sudan will be hard pressed to reduce conflict (especially violence against civilians) and achieve . (John . Source #17: Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS NET), Andrew E . In March, six . Cattle raids and conflicts over pastures and wells between the Dinka and Nuer, South Sudan's two largest ethnic groups, have a long history, although, at times, relations between both communities have been marked by intermarriage and cooperation. On May 2, 2012, the United Nations Security Council adopted resolution 2045, calling for an immediate halt to fighting between Sudan and South Sudan. Risk of famine. An estimated 50 to 200 km southward shift of the boundary between semi-desert and desert has occurred since rainfall and vegetation records were first held in the 1930s. conflicts between the dinka and the nuer on the one while ethnicity carries with it the dual potential to be a hand, and the nuer and the murle on the other, pre-date source of conflict in heterogeneous societies or a feature sudan's independence in 1956.3 the … March 2012. This sparked violence in Juba pitting President Salva Kiir's Dinka ethnic soldiers against Riek Machar's Nuer. Ethnic groups in South Sudan, like . With famine spreading, 66% of the population in South Sudan is living on less than about $2 a day, up from 50.6% in 2009, according to the World Bank. File Type PDF Ethnic Conflict Kenya's Marsabit county is one of the country's popular tourist attractions, but unrest generated by . Despite increasing acrimony from the Government of South Sudan, the United States is still widely popular in South Sudan. Principle ethnic groups include the Dinka, South Sudan's current conflicts can be traced to its long history of conflict as the southern region of the Sudan. As a consequence, food prices continue to rise and 70 per cent of families in South Sudan go hungry. (Burton 1979) The human needs theory was introduced to debunk the other theories that attribute causes of conflict to the innately aggressive nature of human beings. The two leaders appealed to their respective ethnic communities, and the conflict spread primarily to the northwest of the country. Four types of conflict afflict the two Sudans today. ! CONFLICT REPORT www.cropmonitor.org . Beginning with the emergence of the infamous Lou Nuer "White Army . What cattle conflicts say about identity in South Sudan Three decades of ethnic conflict, which took the lives of 100,000 people, ended brutally with the their respective ethnic communities, and the conflict spread primarily to the northwest of the country. Machar denied trying to start a coup and fled to lead the SPLM - in opposition (SPLM-IO). The oil discovered in the south helped Sudan to solved economic . However, federation was resisted by southerners and the Khartoum government acknowledged southerners rights which was later on revoked due to discovery of oil in the south. Dinka, Nuer, Shilluk are the main tribes of the Nilotic ethnic group. The British separated the predominantly Muslim and Arabic-speaking north from the multi-religious, multi-ethnic, and multilingual south. 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